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The parents of Beth Shipsey, who overdosed on diet pills containing the chemical in , believe she was buying her supply online.

The year-old from Worcester was being treated for mental health issues and was on home leave from a psychiatric unit on the day she died. Her family say they sympathise with agencies trying to stem the flow of DNP into the UK and want to see licence controls introduced to stop "unscrupulous people" getting hold of it. The parents of two students who died after taking the supplement have campaigned for it to be classified as a class C drug. Chris Mapletoft died the day after taking his last A-level exam, while Sarah Houston was secretly taking DNP despite her apparent progress in overcoming bulimia.

Their families agree that if both possession and supply were a criminal offence, their children would have been deterred from buying or trying it. The FSA says that if those suspected of supplying DNP for human consumption can be traced, search warrants are executed in the hope of bringing prosecutions. During one such operation, in September , 11kgs of DNP, mixing machines and pill presses were seized during raids in the North West and the North East. The FSA says it has shut down three outlets that were using social media to advertise DNP for sale and removed more than 70 websites.

The BBC has also reported that hidden sites on the so-called dark web are still selling the chemical. Anyone with information about the illegal sale of DNP should call Food Crime Confidential on and more information is available at visit: www. Eloise Parry: Diet pills caused 'distressing death'. Sarah Houston family call for ban on DNP slimming drug. What is DNP and how dangerous is it? When did it become associated with weight loss? Prof Thomas says it's been known for many years that DNP can help people lose weight.

How many people use it? What is being done to stop it being sold? But as DNP has legitimate uses and is not a pharmaceutical, there are no plans to ban it. He agreed to withdraw the pills from sale. Related Topics. Drug use Shrewsbury Weight loss. As the main aim of the Internet search phase of the study was to gather information to inform the subsequent studies 2 and 3 , the focus of this phase was constrained to seven parameters, namely 1 availability, 2 formulation, 3 dosage, 4 cycle, 5 advice on use, including diet and co-supplementation and 6 health warnings if any and 7 reasons for use.

When a supplement was identified as having potential for containing DNP, it was included in the supplement sample pool. To capture the dynamics of the supply side, websites identified initially were checked again at the end of the project, covering at least 12 months in between. Primary target products were dietary supplement, and specifically fat burners, that are marketed for performance enhancing and body-building, in all forms-including capsules, tablets, pills, powders and liquid forms.

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Protein shakes which may supplement fitness—particularly those with a long list of ingredients not just a protein were included. Meal replacements such as Slim Fast, Atkins, Slimsticks were excluded.

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Altogether, samples were procured from high-street outlets, gyms and from the Internet. Because Study 1 was part of an intelligence gathering project to assess compliance with current UK legislation for labelling [ 38 ], sample collection was conducted by Local Authority Enforcement Teams across England following an informal procedure for sampling and for the level of information recorded. Efforts were made to avoid duplication as much as possible, but duplicate samples were tested where received.

Regarding supplement sources, Local Authority Enforcement Teams were instructed to exclude Internet retailers because these samples were obtained separately by the Hampshire Scientific Service. Samples were securely placed in plastic containers to avoid leakage and catalogued using a unique alphanumerical identification code. There were no specific storage and transport requirements prior to analysis. Participants were instructed to place the sample into a dedicated, lockable metal box which was secured to the wall at the gym reception.

The information form also included questions on patterns of use, side effects experienced if any , reasons for using fat burners e. Participants were provided with the FSA statement on the danger of DNP [ 16 ] prior to their agreement to participate by donating a sample consisting of at least one daily dose in a sealed envelope and completing the short information form.

One sample comprised of one unit of supplement i. Where available, each sample was accompanied by photocopies of the original packaging and product labels. In addition, information available for these samples included the purchase location county and whether it was high street vs. Internet retailer. These data, along with the semi-quantitative analytical results were entered into an Excel spreadsheet and processed using descriptive statistics and presented as bar charts. The ball mill used for sample preparation was Fritsch P23 mini ball mill, Germany.

Further details of the method are provided in Additional file 1 : DNP method development for semi-quantitative screening. The main foci of the survey were on reasons for using DNP, along with personal experiences and satisfaction with the results and intention to use DNP again. Behavioural reasoning [ 39 ] offered a suitable framework through the exploration of reasons that explain planned, current and past behaviours.

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In behavioural models, it is always an interesting question how far or near objective data support the perception on which reasons are formed e. Notwithstanding, behavioural reasoning was used as a loose theoretical framework because it offers a practical insight into motivational mechanisms for taking risks with DNP. At this early stage of researching DNP-related behaviour and decisions, we did not set out to test a specific behavioural reasoning model.

Rather, we aimed to explore—using a mix of quantitative and qualitative data—how users think about DNP to inform future research endeavours. Participants were recruited through Internet-based, English speaking discussion boards.

The inclusion criteria were having personal experiences current or recent with DNP and willingness to disclose related information through the anonymous survey. Recruitment was done through posting a link to the survey along with a brief description of the study on discussion boards which allowed us to advertise this study among the members.

We also asked participants and discussion board members to promote this study among their peers. The final sample consisted of 33 males and 2 females with mean age of Informed choice in the health context is defined by meeting three conditions being based on relevant knowledge, consistent with the values of the person and behaviourally implemented ; and theorised that its extent is said to be assessed by knowledge about and attitudes toward the behavioural choice [ 41 ].

The five statements were formulated based on the typical views propagated in the Internet forums. This direct approach offered a context specific focus on DNP among those who have personal experience with the substance. Along with the demographic details age, gender, ethnicity and country of residence , information on height, current and ideal weight, current and ideal body fat percentage, weekly training times and type of gym used was recorded.

Participants were also asked from what source and in what form they obtained DNP; and how they ensured if they did that the DNP is genuine and pure before they ingested and whether they used other supplements while using DNP. Participation was completely anonymous and voluntary. Consent to participate was implied by voluntarily completing and submitting the survey.

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These conditions, including the implied consenting procedure and use of data, were clearly stated at the start of the survey. Data from surveys and analytical results were entered Study 2 and downloaded Study 3 into Excel spreadsheets. Data were cleaned and formatted for statistical analyses.

Results from Study 1 were entered into a word document. Descriptive statistics means and standard deviations were used to show the data characteristics for the sample. Group comparisons were performed using independent samples t-test t and analysis of variances F or Wilcoxon test Z for nonparametric data. Relationship between the reported and estimated DNP user numbers was tested using Spearman r. Following the reporting guidelines for statistical tests in medical and behavioural research [ 42 , 43 ], respective effect sizes d , partial eta squared and w were reported for all non-significant statistical tests and means and standard deviations were provided for all comparisons.

The magnitude of the effect was discussed according to the reference values recommended by Cohen [ 42 — 44 ].

Effect sizes were discussed in both theoretical and practical implications. Assuming that the small sample size, coupled with large standard deviation, result in a loss of power in cases where the effect size is small to medium, we also reported detailed information to enable a priori calculation of the required sample size to reach statistical significance at the conventional 0. Respective measures of the effects were obtained from the SPSS output where available or calculated using the online meta-analysis effect size calculator [ 46 ].

Qualitative responses were analysed using applied thematic analysis [ 47 ], following the guidelines set for thematic analysis in psychology [ 48 ]. Applied thematic analysis was selected as analytical framework for the qualitative responses because it is an inductive procedure that supports theoretical model development and finding solutions to real life problems. Applied thematic analysis is particularly suited for the data at hand because it allows quantification and inclusion of text of any length i. The internet search, after removing duplicates, yielded 92 websites of which 36 supplied DNP at the time of writing this article August The search also identified a significant number of retailer websites which are no longer available.

A comprehensive list was not attempted because of the fast changing nature of the DNP market. Rather, it is a snapshot of the situation illustrating the abundant supply and informal unchecked information available on the Internet.