Magnesium: The second most abundant nutrient stored in body tissue after calcium. Magnesium is needed for the formation of many enzymes in the body which release energy from food. It is also vital for the nervous system, muscle movement and for the formation of healthy bones and teeth. Magnesium is present in all green plants.
The main sources are unrefined cereals and wholemeal bread, green leafy vegetables, and peanuts. Zinc: An important part of many enzymes, some of which have key roles in the formation of new proteins — one of the processes involved in tissue growth. Zinc is required to aid growth of the immune cells plus maintenance of hair, skin and nails. Superoxide dismutase a powerful antioxidant enzyme that neutralises potentially damaging free radicals requires zinc.
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Zinc is also essential for reproduction. Signs of mild to moderate deficiency include growth retardation, male hypogonadism the testes produce few or no sex hormones , poor appetite, rough skin, mental lethargy, delayed wound healing and impaired taste. Good sources include red meat, liver, shellfish especially oysters , egg yolks, dairy products, wholegrain cereals and pulses. Their health benefits include 1 : helping to reduce triglyceride levels in the blood, heart health, supporting brain function, reducing blood pressure, maintaining eye health.
Fish body oils and fish liver oils are widely used in the management of inflammatory joint conditions [2] , and omega 3 fatty acids also help maintain suppleness.
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VITAMINS Vitamin A: A fat-soluble vitamin, stored mainly in the liver, this vitamin is vital for maintaining good eyesight, particularly for the normal function of the retina and visual adaptation to darkness, and healthy skin. The language of food supplements and nutrition can sometimes be technical or confusing. We've put together a glossary to help you understand some of the most common terms. If you have suggestions for further entries to the glossary, please contact us.
Amino Acid The building blocks of protein, there are eight essential amino acids which cannot be synthesised within the body and therefore must come from the diet.
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These are: isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine. In addition arginine and histidine are amino acids required by infants and young children which supports their rapid growth. Antioxidant A substance or nutrient which helps to protect our cells from damage caused by free radicals, damaging molecules which are found in pollution and tobacco smoke.
Our bodies also produce free radicals as part of the normal biochemistry of living. Deficiency A lack of essential macronutrients or micronutrients which results in malnutrition and or disease. This may be the result of inadequate intakes or absorption issues associated with gastrointestinal disease. There are a number of recognised deficiency diseases including but not exclusively : scurvy vitamin C deficiency ; rickets vitamin D deficiency ; anaemia iron deficiency, but also deficiencies in B12 and folic acid and Kwashiorkor protein deficiency.
It has responsibility for nutrition legislation and sets health policy for nutrition. DHA Docosahexaenoic acid; one of the key omega-3 fats that provides health benefits Dietitian An individual qualified in nutrition and dietetics who can assess, diagnose and treat health issues associated with nutrition and diet.
Dietitians are governed by law with a statutory code of practice; they often work within the health service although increasing numbers are also working in a freelance capacity. EFA Essential fatty acids omega 3 and omega 6 cannot be synthesised by the body and must be derived from the diet. EFAs do not provide fuel for energy production and are required for vital biological processes which support growth, development and health.
EPA Eicosapentaenoic acid; one of the key omega-3 fats that provides health benefits. Because they are fat soluble these substances can accumulate in the body, often being stored in fat cells, or in the liver. This can create health issues, particularly if intakes have been high for a prolonged period of time. For example, long term high intakes of vitamin D may lead to the laying down of calcium in tissues such as liver and kidneys which can cause nausea and vomiting. Food supplement A food supplement is a concentrated source of vitamins , minerals or other substances with a nutritional or physiological effect which is sold in small, measured unit doses.
GLA Gamma-linoleic acid is an omega-6 fatty acid an essential fatty acid considered to be necessary for human health which must be derived from the diet. GLA is most commonly found in evening primrose oil EPO , borage or starflower oil and blackcurrant seed oil. Health claim A health claim is any claim which states, or implies, that consumption of a specific food will have a beneficial effect on health.
Claims may be written, verbal or pictorial. Not all herbal products are medicines, some may be food supplements and some may be cosmetics. What determines if a product is, or is not a medicine is complex but generally rests with how the product is presented i. Macronutrient Dietary constituents which are needed in significant amounts, generally protein, fat, carbohydrate, fibre and water. Malnutrition Malnutrition is a state in which the deficiency of nutrients such as energy, protein, vitamins or minerals results in measurable adverse effects on the body.
Malnutrition may refer to insufficient intake of protein, carbohydrate and fats macronutrients which can result in overly low BMI. It may also be insufficient intake of vitamins , minerals and other micronutrients , which can impact on overall health and could include obese individuals with poor diets. Mg Milligram is a measurement of weight equal to one thousandth of a gram. Mg is used for a number of nutrients found in food supplements. Micronutrient A substance derived from food which is needed in extremely small amounts for the normal growth and development of living beings.
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Micronutrients are vitamins , minerals and essential fatty acids omega-3 fats Mineral Inorganic micronutrient essential to health and wellbeing. Minerals are absorbed from soil by plants which are in turn eaten by animals or humans. Minerals may be split into minerals which are needed in relatively high amounts calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, chloride and potassium and trace elements iron, zinc, cobalt, copper, chromium, fluoride, iodine, manganese, molybdenum, boron and selenium which are needed in very small quantities.
Multivitamin A product which contains more than one vitamin , often multivitamins will contain all 13 vitamins although some may contain only the eight B vitamins, or a combination of some of the vitamins and some additional minerals. The results are used to assess whether intakes of food and nutrients are adequate across different ages and population groups. Previously known as RDA Nutrient A substance derived from food which provides nourishment to the body and is essential for the maintenance of life and for growth and development.
Nutritionist Nutritionists generally work for public bodies or governments, although some do work with private clients. They tend to look at large populations to determine risk factors and make dietary recommendations that are applied at population levels. For example, evidence on the incidence of type II Diabetes led public health nutritionists to determine that some populations are more at risk of developing this disease, and to make recommendations for dietary changes to either reduce the risk or manage the disease.
However, public health nutritionists do not practice with individual patients. Omega-3 fats Essential fatty acids which cannot be synthesised by the body and must be derived from the diet. Primary sources for omega-3 fats are oily fish and fish oil supplements with some also coming from enriched eggs and fortified foods. There are a number of scientifically proven health benefits for omega-3 fats including supporting the health of the eyes, brain and heart, maintaining an appropriate balance of triglycerides in the blood and reducing blood pressure. Omega-6 fats Essential fatty acids which cannot be synthesised by the body and must be derived from the diet.
Primary sources for omega-6 are vegetable oils such as sunflower and corn oils as well as nuts and seeds. There are a number of health benefits associated with omega-6 fatty acids; they are thought to be beneficial in the management of premenstrual syndrome and in some skin conditions including eczema and psoriasis. Prebiotics Foods which promote the growth of probiotics , the beneficial bacteria that inhabit our gut. Prebiotics are generally fibres such as inulin, which our bodies cannot digest and absorb but which provide a food source for probiotics.
Probiotics Live bacteria and some yeasts which inhabit the digestive tract which are viewed as being beneficial to human health. There are thousands of different bacterial strains; some are resident in specific areas of the digestive tract whilst others are transient, simply passing through. They work with local government, the NHS and non-governmental organisations as well as communicating public health messages to the general public. PUFA Polyunsaturated fatty acids PUFA are found in nuts, seeds, fish and fish oil , krill and some algae, small amounts are also found in leafy greens.
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The omega-3 and omega 6 fats are PUFAs, which are generally associated with health. RDA Recommended Daily Amount; previously used terminology for the amount set, primarily to support food labelling, which the majority of the population require to maintain health. The UK food supplements industry works to the levels set in this report. Vitamin Organic micronutrient essential to health and wellbeing. Vitamins cannot be synthesised in sufficient amounts by the animal or human body and must therefore be obtained from the diet. Plants manufacture vitamins which move up the food chain as the plants are consumed by animals or humans.
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The trio of nutrients vegans and non-vegans may need to watch are vitamin B12, vitamin D and iodine. Your omega-3 fat intake may need some attention too. There are concerns about low levels of these nutrients among the general population — regardless of diet.