Green coffee bean study

One of the trials was retracted in because the accuracy of the data was unclear. A larger review assessed the effects of chlorogenic acids , the main phenolic compounds in green coffee extract. It included studies of chlorogenic acids both as a constituent of coffee and directly as a purified extract, and suggested several beneficial effects, in particular improved glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.

The review noted that potential adverse effects of both short and long-term consumption had not yet been investigated thoroughly, and that the number of studies performed on humans has thus far been limited. In April and September , The Dr. Oz Show featured green coffee extract, and conducted its own non-scientific study as to its efficacy.

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Oz Show. Fortune magazine reported in June that the benefits of consuming green coffee bean extract had been largely disproved by studies to date, and that green coffee extract has been the subject of Federal Trade Commission action against a Florida company and the subject of Senate hearings against misleading advertising for weight loss products. In May the Federal Trade Commission charged the Florida-based manufacturers of a product called Pure Green Coffee with deceiving consumers with false weight loss claims.

On June 17, , the U. Senate sub-committee on Science, and Transportation Committee held hearings to discuss weight-loss products and consumer protection.

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Oz stated "I actually do personally believe in the items I talk about on the show. I passionately study them. But there's no long-term miracle pill out there without diet and exercise. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Green coffee extract Alternative medicine Play media. Gastroenterology Research and Practice. Federal Trade Commission.

September 8, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. Retraction Watch. Oct 20, Retrieved 22 October European Journal of Nutrition. These significant changes of gene expression related to inflammation exhibited in 0.

We evaluated the protein levels of genes involved in insulin resistance in the epididymal fat tissue of 0. The amount of GLUT4 found in the membrane fraction of the epididymal adipocytes was significantly increased, whereas the amount of total cellular GLUT4 in cytosol remained the same in green coffee bean extract-fed mice when compared with HFD-fed mice Figure 7 c. In the present study, decaffeinated green coffee bean extract has demonstrated a significant weight-lowering effect in HFD-fed mice.

Among the green coffee bean extract dosages 0. No further dose-dependent decreases in body weight gain, visceral fat-pad weights, and plasma lipids and glucose profiles were noted at 0. The dose of 0. In order to obtain 1. This implies that 10 times more dark roasted beans 97 grams are required to produce similar weight-reducing effects as the decaffeinated green coffee beans.

Natural Products for the Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes 2014

Green coffee beans are a rich source of polyphenols, especially chlorogenic acids. Of a variety of chlorogenic acids, 5-CQA has been known to protect tissues from oxidative stress, modulate glucose metabolism, and mediate antiobesity effect [ 12 , 21 , 22 ].

In the present study, 5-CQA was the most abundant and active component contained in green coffee bean extract and exerted a significant weight-lowering effect in HFD-fed mice Figure 1. Based on our assumption that the antiobesity effect of decaffeinated green coffee bean extract was expected to be dose dependent and be derived from 5-CQA, the dose of 5-CQA in CQD was chosen to match the amount of 5-CQA contained in the 0. Nevertheless, weight-suppressing and insulin-sensitizing effects of green coffee bean extract plateaued at 0.

The 0. This effect could be possibly due to other polyphenols contained in green coffee bean extract which exert beneficial effects against obesity and insulin resistance. The extent to which 0. Exhibiting no further preventive effect against obesity and insulin resistance in 0. As food intake did not differ among the experimental groups, we can hypothesize that the weight-reducing effect of green coffee bean extract is mediated by the inhibition of adipogenesis. Of the various upstream molecules, the adipogenic mechanism of WNT10b has been thoroughly researched both in vivo and in vitro [ 23 ].

Yet, Qi et al. Perhaps, green coffee bean extract plays a role in epigenetic silencing of SFRP5, resulting in lower SFRP5 expression in adipose tissue but whether it directly or indirectly modulates its expression requires further investigation. It is well known that galanin is expressed and widely distributed in the central nervous system. However, recent studies have revealed that galanin expression has also been observed in peripheral tissues such as stomach, WAT, and taste buds [ 24 , 31 ].

In our previous study, we discovered that diet-induced obese mice exhibited the upregulation of galanin and its receptors in WAT [ 24 ]. As a result, increased levels of galanin activate galanin receptor subtypes, which are members of the G protein-coupled receptor family.

PLC cleaves phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphsphate into inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate and diacyl glycerol, a PKC activator. The mRNA levels of genes involved in galanin-mediated adipogenesis were reduced in mice fed green coffee bean extract. Green coffee bean extract appears to suppress adipogenesis by reversing HFD-induced increased expression of galanin, its receptors, and adipogenic transcription factors. Since leptin secretion from adipose tissues is positively correlated with TG accumulation in adipocytes, plasma leptin level is a biomarker in assessing obesity in both experimental animals and humans [ 33 , 34 ].

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Increments of serum leptin levels usually occur together with adipocyte hypertrophy. In the present study, HFD-fed mice demonstrated higher plasma leptin levels and larger adipocyte size than CD-fed mice. Yet, green coffee bean extract seems to decrease plasma leptin and its mRNA expression along with the average adipocyte diameter in HFD-fed mice. Lower levels of plasma proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and MCP-1 were observed in mice fed green coffee bean extract when compared with mice fed the HFD. Generally, the levels of plasma cytokines correlate with the expression of proinflammatory adipokines in WAT [ 35 , 36 ].

In this modified milieu, from a metabolic to proinflammatory environment, inflammatory mediators such as TLR2 and TLR4 are chronically expressed in adipocytes [ 36 ]. This implies that green coffee bean extract may attenuate WAT from becoming a HFD-induced inflamed and modified environment. Recently, it was reported that fatty acids, particularly saturated fatty acids C, C, and C , serve as ligands to TLR4 [ 16 , 40 ]. In the present study, mice fed the green coffee bean extract exhibited lower plasma FFA levels when compared with those fed a HFD.

From this, we suggest that green coffee bean extract may have attenuated activation of TLR4-mediated signaling pathway and therefore resulted in the decreased expression of proinflammatory cytokines, confirmed by their mRNA expression levels. Collectively, we speculate that green coffee bean extract may suppress proinflammatory responses by not only decreasing the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 but also decreasing ligand-induced TLR4-mediated inflammatory signaling.

Fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels and OGTT results demonstrated that insulin sensitivity was enhanced in green coffee bean extract fed mice.

Improvement in insulin sensitivity was further confirmed by Western blot analysis of insulin signaling-related molecules and membrane GLUT4. Whether green coffee bean extract has a direct influence on GLUT4 translocation requires further investigation. However, we speculate that the beneficial effects against insulin resistance could be associated with decreased inflammatory responses. Recent studies have suggested that JNK, an important stress sensor, plays a crucial role in the regulation of HFD-induced insulin resistance and inflammation [ 36 ]. In conclusion, the present study shows that green coffee bean extract significantly reduces visceral fat-pad accumulation and improves insulin resistance in mice fed the HFD at a minimum effective dose of 0.

We suggest that 5-CQA and other polyphenols in green coffee bean extract may bring an additive effect in decreasing body weight gain and increasing insulin sensitivity. These beneficial effects are possibly due to the downregulation of genes associated with adipogenesis and inflammation in the WAT of mice. Taken as a whole, decaffeinated green coffee bean extract may be used as a therapeutic agent that prevents obesity and metabolic syndrome.