However, if water enters our bodies more quickly than it can be removed, the electrolytes in our blood become diluted. When this happens, water passes from the blood into the cells and organs such as the brain, causing them to swell, which affects their normal function.
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Early symptoms of water intoxication include light-headedness sometimes with nausea, vomiting, headaches and a general feeling of being unwell — in fact, very similar symptoms to those associated with dehydration! Unfortunately, if left untreated, mild symptoms can quickly lead to severe symptoms such as seizures, coma or even death within a few hours. Fortunately though, water intoxication remains rare and is most commonly seen in inexperienced atheletes, where an individual takes in a huge amount of fluid but fails to replenish levels of electrolytes, which are lost from the body in sweat.
In contrast, dehydration is considered to be a much bigger problem for most of us. According to a survey carried out by the Tea Council, a third of all adults in the UK fail to meet daily fluid requirements. This is bad news as water makes up about two-thirds of our body weight. In fact, while most of us could survive for weeks without food, a few days without water would seriously jeopardise our health. As a priority, water is needed for most of the chemical reactions that occur in the body.
It helps get rid of waste products and toxins in the urine, transports nutrients and oxygen around the body in the blood, acts as a lubricant for our joints and eyes, helps us swallow, helps control our body temperature, and cushions and protects our nerves. Plus, staying well hydrated has been linked with better weight control, improved concentration, fighting wrinkles and even protecting us from major health problems like constipation, certain cancers, heart disease, gallstones and urinary tract infections.
A lack of fluid quickly leads to dehydration, triggering thirst in the first instance. Other symptoms of dehydration include small amounts of dark, cloudy and strong-smelling urine, headaches, poor concentration, tiredness, fatigue, irritability, dizziness, weakness, dry mouth and throat, chapped and dry lips, flushed skin and a fast pulse.
So how much should you drink? She also ordered more DNP.
Ella talked about her college assignments and about wanting to go travelling. She devoured as much food as she could, made herself sick, then repeated the cycle. At 4am, she took four DNP capsules, and a few hours later she took four more. She began to vomit. Fearful of what was to come, she drove herself to the Royal Shrewsbury hospital, 15 minutes from her flat. She arrived at about Her temperature was rising rapidly, and she was terrified.
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Staff tried to cool Ella down, but the poison was attacking her cells, releasing fierce heat within her. Her organs were shutting down. She was shouting, writhing, frothing at the mouth. She went into cardiac arrest. Parry got a call from the hospital asking her to come in. A doctor came and broke the news to her. This time, it was surrounded by police tape. The payments she had made had gone into a bank account in Iceland, from which they were directed to an account in the name of Bernard Rebelo, at an address in Harrow, north London. Because the sale of DNP for human consumption is an offence under food-safety law, it fell to Harrow council to lead the investigation.
The investigators were hoping to access computers, in order to follow a trail of payments. To their astonishment, when Rebelo opened his door, they found his factory. Inside the house, one of the rooms contained two large plastic barrels, labelling machines, pill-making equipment and other items, including some linked to the preparation of steroids. Rebelo had just taken delivery of a new consignment of DNP. Harrow council staff spent months trawling through his emails and online forums. They discovered that Rebelo began selling steroids in , and had sourced DNP from a factory in China soon afterwards.
He had hundreds of customers in the US and Europe. On online forums, under the handle DrMusclePharma, Rebelo had offered specious reassurance to customers concerned about the side-effects they were experiencing after taking DNP. He suggested they adjust the dosage. In the following weeks and months, he continued to trade. He continued to trade even after another of his customers was hospitalised in , prompting Interpol to issue a global health warning about DNP.
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Rebelo was skilled at avoiding detection. He shut down websites, reopened them with different names and changed hosts. Payments were routed through multiple accounts in different countries. However, the registrar did not shut down the site, and did not act on several further requests from US and Canadian health authorities. Finally, they complied. Rebelo found another registrar, and continued trading. Rebelo admitted that Ella had bought DNP from him. He claimed he had sold it only as an industrial chemical, and that he had made it clear it was not safe for human consumption.
His girlfriend was cleared of a money-laundering charge, and another man accused in relation to the case was also acquitted.
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Rebelo was convicted on two counts of the manslaughter of Eloise Parry. He appealed the verdict on a technicality and a full retrial was ordered.
The months that followed were agonising for the Parry family. However, in February , after the new trial, a jury unanimously convicted Rebelo of manslaughter by gross negligence and of supplying a poison falsely described as suitable for use as a slimming aid. The presiding judge, Mrs Justice Whipple, sentencing Rebelo to seven years, said he had been motivated by financial gain to exploit vulnerable and desperate people.
F iona Parry had never heard of DNP before she lost her daughter to it. The Gerbutavicius family had moved to London from Lithuania when Vaidotas was six. He was smart, learned English quickly, made friends and did well at school. By , he was working in construction and living with his girlfriend. On 10 March that year, Gerbutavicius had been getting ready for his work as a construction manager when he got a panic-stricken call from his son, saying he had overdosed on DNP. I asked a medic if it was life-threatening, and he said it was serious, but not necessarily deadly.
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He was put into a medically induced coma and for 40 minutes doctors gave him CPR, but he died less than two hours after being admitted to hospital. He now knows that heightened temperature is a side-effect of DNP use. Then he laid a trap for the dealer. Gerbutavicius handed the package over to the FSA. He was shocked to learn that the man who had sold Vaidotas the lethal DNP was already under observation by the authorities. The woman, whose family asked me to refer to her only by her initials, CW, died that same year from a heart problem that was most likely caused by her consumption of DNP.
Her mother reported him to the police. Undercover officers bought DNP from him several times in His website was shut down. However, he proceeded to set up several more, and continued to trade in DNP with tragic consequences. Some were marked as bee pollen. He had used multiple websites and mainstream platforms, often leading potential buyers into more private forums.
He displayed before-and-after photos of clients, who got a discount for sending them to him. He pleaded guilty to selling an unapproved drug with intent to mislead.
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T he families continue to support each other in their efforts to get DNP taken off the market. Shipsey and Parry have both contacted and confronted dealers. You will feel fuller and will naturally eat less without really thinking about it.